| Sahiplik | Değer |
| İsim | Bad Effects of Cigars June 29, 1999 |
| Açıklama | Bad Effects of Cigars June 29, 1999 (Reviewed: October 4, 2002) Introduction Cigar smoking is increasing in the United States, mainly in young and middle-aged men, but also among teenagers and women. The habit is known to be a risk factor for certain cancers (mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus and lung) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To date, there has been no firm indication that it is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the article summarized here provides the evidence. Methods The population studied comprised 17,774 men between 30 and 85 years enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program between 1964 and 1973. They stated they had never smoked cigarettes, and were not current pipe smokers. Information on lifestyle, serum cholesterol, diabetes, cardiovascular and COPD was obtained at the health check-up on entry. Subsequent cardiovascular and COPD incidence was determined from hospitalization records, using International Classification of Diseases codes, and cancer incidence from the same source as well as from local tumor registries. Patients were followed from 1971 through 1995 for first hospitalization or death from cardiovascular or COPD, and from 1971 through 1996 for diagnosis of cancer. There were 1,546 cigar smokers at entry - 8.7% of the collective - and their outcome data were compared with those of the 16,228 non-cigar smokers. Age-adjusted rates were estimated by regression analysis, and the relative risks associated with cigar smoking calculated using Cox proportional-hazard models. Multivariate analyses incorporated the following factors: the demographic information collected at enrollment, body mass-index, history of diabetes, occupational hazard exposure (solvents, pesticides, chemical gases, asbestos, silica), and alcohol consumption. For the cardiovascular outcome analyses, systolic blood pressure and cholesterol levels were added to these factors, and occupational hazards omitted... |
| Dosya Adı | Bağlantı www.edubilim.com_biyoloji-211-4.doc |
| Dosya Boyutu | Link |
| Dosya Tipi | doc (Mime Tipi: link) |
| Ekleyen | admin |
| Ekleme tarihi: | 07.10.2008 16:13 |
| İnceleyenler | Herkes |
| Kontrol Eden | Editor |
| İndirme sayısı | 0 İndirme sayısı |
| En son güncelleme | 14.10.2008 16:14 |
| Anasayfa | http://www.edubilim.com |
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